Produksi dan Biaya dalam Perusahaan

Tedy Herlambang

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# Produksi dan Biaya dalam Perusahaan

## Mikroekonomi: Materi Minggu ke 9

### Tedy Herlambang .small[ ]

[ bangtedy.github.io](https://bangtedy.github.io)

[ @t_hlb](https://twitter.com/t_hlb)
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# Capaian Pembelajaran

Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda diharapkan dapat:
- Membedakan dan menjelaskan tiga jenis keuntungan
- Menjelaskan fitur penting produksi dalam jangka pendek
- Menjelaskan mengapa biaya rata-rata mencapai minimum ketika MC=AC
- Menjelaskan sumber-sumber economies of scale dan diseconomies of scale
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# Biaya dan Keuntungan
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# Cost and Profit

- With supply we assume that producers try to maximize profit, and this goal motivates their behaviour. 
- Firms try to earn a profit by transforming resources into products (goods/services). 
- Over time, firms that survive and thrive are those that are more profitable. 
- Unprofitable firms eventually fail. 
- Each firm’s decision makers must choose what goods and services to produce and what resources to employ. 
- They must make plans while confronting uncertainty about consumer demand, resource availability, and the intentions of other firms in the market.
  
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# Biaya Eksplisit and Implisit

- Biaya eksplisit: opportunity cost of resources employed by a firm that takes the form of cash payments
- Biaya implisit: a firm’s opportunity cost of using its own resources or those provided by its owners without a corresponding cash payment

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# Pengukuran Keuntungan

- Keuntungan akuntansi: a firm’s total revenue minus its explicit costs
- Keuntungan ekonomi (*economic profit*): a firm’s total revenue minus its explicit and implicit costs
- Keuntungan normal (*normal profit*): a firm’s accounting profit when all resources earn their opportunity cost; equal to implicit cost

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# Produksi dalam Jangka Pendek
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# Input tetap dan variabel (Fixed and Variable input)
- variable input: any resource that can be varied in the short run to increase or decrease production
- fixed input: any resource that cannot be varied 
in the short run
- short run: a period during which at least one of a firm’s resources is fixed
- long run: a period during which all resources under the firm’s control are variable

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# Law of Diminishing Marginal returns
- Produksi total (Total product): a firm’s total output 
- Fungsi Produksi (production function): the relationship between 
resources employed and a firm’s total product
- Produk marjinal (marginal product): the change in total product when a particular resource increases by one unit, all other resources constant
- Increasing marginal returns: the marginal product of a variable resource increases as each additional unit of that resource is employed
- Law of diminishing marginal returns: as more of a variable resource is added to a given amount of other resources, marginal product eventually declines and could become negative
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# Kurva Total dan Marjinal Produk

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# Biaya Produksi dalam Jangka Pendek
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# Biaya Produksi dalam Jangka Pendek

- Biaya tetap (fixed cost): any production cost that is independent of the 
firm’s rate of output
- Biaya variabel (variable cost): any production cost that changes as 
the rate of output changes
- Biaya total (total cost): the sum of fixed cost and variable cost,or TC= FC + VC
- Biaya marjinal (marginal cost): the change in total cost resulting from a one-unit change in output; the change in total cost divided by the change in output, or MC = ΔTC/Δq
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# Hubungan antara biaya marjinal dengan biaya rata-rata

- Biaya tetap rata-rata (average fixed cost): fixed cost divided by output, 
or AFC=FC /q
- Biaya variabel rata-rata (average variable cost): variable cost divided by output, or AVC= VC /q
- Biaya total rata-rata (average total cost):total cost divided by output, 
or ATC =TC /q. Also the sum of average variable cost and average fixed cost, or ATC = AVC + AFC

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# Biaya Produksi dalam Jangka Panjang
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# Skala ekonomi dan diseconomies of scale

- Economies of scale:forces that reduce a firm’s average cost as the scale of operation expands in the long run

- Diseconomies of scale: forces that may eventually increase a firm’s average cost as the scale of operation expands in the long run

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#  Biaya rata-rata jangka panjang
- Long-run average cost curve: a curve that indicates the lowest average cost of production at each rate of output when the size, or scale, of the firm varies; also called the planning curve.

- Constant long-run average cost:  a condition that occurs if, over some range of output, long-run average cost neither increases nor decreases with changes in firm size
- Minimum efficient scale: the lowest rate of output at which a firm takes full advantage of economies of scale

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.font70[A single study is never the end of the story; multiple studies are 
needed before we can reach defensible conclusions about social phenomena.]

**Special thanks to**

Mahasiswa Agribisnis Angkatan '21
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