Setelah mempelajari materi ini, mahasiswa seharusnya dapat:
Menjelaskan bagaimana sistem produksi pertanian memerlukan masukan
materi, energi dan informasi.
Menjelaskan bagaimana ekosistem pertanian dimanipulasi oleh manusia
untuk menyalurkan energi menjadi produk berguna (pangan dan bahan
mentah).
Menjelaskan fitur-fitur utama sistem pertanian yaitu produktivitas,
stabilitas, ketahanan (resilience) dan keberlanjutan.
Menjelaskan berbagai parameter yang menunjukkan produktivitas sistem
pertanian.
Produksi Pertanian
Pertanian membantu memenuhi kebutuhan dan peradaban manusia dengan
menyediakan: pangan, pakan, pakaian perumahan, obat-obatan,
rekreasi.
Pertanian usaha produktif yang mengubah sumberdaya tanah, cahaya,
udara, suhu dan air menjadi sebuah unit produktif primer yang sangat
berguna bagi manusia.
Unit produktif sekunder seperti (ternak, burung, serangga)
menghasilkan produk yang terkonsentrasi (daging, susu, telur, madu,
sutra, wool) dengan mengkonsumsi output dari unit primer.
Pentingnya Pertanian
Food, feed, fibre, fuel, furniture, raw materials and materials for
and from factories;
Menyediakan lingkungan segar dan gratis, pangan berlimpah.
Produksi pertanian yang memuaskan membawa kedamaian, kemakmuran,
harmoni, kesehatan dan kekayaan bagi suatu bangsa.
Pertanian yang maju menghasilkan kehidupan sosial, budaya, politik
dan ekonomi yang baik.
Agriculture is art, science and business of crop production,
livestock and fisheries
Pertanian
dapat dipandang sebagai seni, sains dan bisnis menghasilkan produk
pertanian, peternakan, perikanan.
As An Art
Sebagai seni: merangkul pengetahuan untuk menjalankan kegiatan
pertanian secara terampil.
Keterampilan yang dibutuhkan:
Fisik: It involves the ability and capacity to carry out the
operation in an efficient way for e.g., handling of farm implements,
animals etc., sowing of seeds, fertilizer and pesticides application
etc.
Mental:
petani mampu mengambil keputusan atas dasar pengalaman
waktu dan metode pengolahan lahan
seleksi tanaman dan sistem cocok tanam yang sesuai dengan tanah
dan iklim
adopsi praktik pertanian yang lebih baik.
As A Science
Sebagai ilmu pengetahuan: It utilizes all modern technologies
developed on scientific principles such as crop improvement/breeding,
crop production, crop protection, economics etc., to maximize the yield
and profit.
Contoh: pengembangan varietas baru yang tahan hama dan penyakit,
responsif terhadap pemupukan, manajemen air, herbisida untuk
mengendalikan gulma, penggunaan agen biologi untuk mengendalikan hama
dan penyakit.
Contoh lain: …?
As A Business
Sebagai sebuah bisnis : agriculture as a business aims at maximum
net return through the management of land, labour, water and capital,
employing the knowledge of various sciences for production of food,
feed, fibre and fuel.
It includes agronomy, soil science, entomology, pathology,
microbiology, etc.
Hortikultura: cabang pertanian yang berhubungan dengan produksi
flowers, fruits, vegetables, ornamental plants, spices, condiments
(includes narcotic crops-opium, etc., which has medicinal value) and
beverages.
Rekayasa pertanian (agricultural Engineering): provide
tools to facilitate proper animal husbandry and crop production tools,
implements and machinery in animal production.
Kehutanan: it deals with production of large scale cultivation of
perennial trees for supplying wood, timber, rubber, etc. and also raw
materials for industries.
Peternakan (animal husbandry): maintenance of various types
of livestock to get maximum output by feeding, rearing, etc.
Perikanan (fishery): It is for marine fish and inland
fishes including shrimps and prawns.
Sejarah Pertanian
Shifting Cultivation
Subsidiary Farming
Subsistence Farming
Mixed Farming
Advanced Farming
Scientific Agriculture (19th Century)
Present Day Agriculture (21st Century) –> Pertanian jaman
Now
Prinsip-prinsip Dasar Agronomi
(1)
Perencanaan, pengorganisasian dan eksekusi untuk memaksimumkan
penggunaan tanah, TK, kapital dan faktor produksi lainnya.
Pemilihan varitas tanaman yang sesuai dengan kondisi agro-klimat,
situasi tanah, kesuburan tanah, musim dan metode bercocok tanam.
Pengelolaan lahan: tillage, preparing field channels and bunds for
irrigation and drainage, checking soil erosion, leveling and adopting
other suitable land improvement practices.
Sistem pertanaman: multiple cropping and also mixed or intercropping
to ensure harvest even under adverse environmental conditions;
Penerapan nutrisi berimbang pada tanaman dan tanah: increasing soil
organic matter through the application of green manure, farm yard
manure, organic wastes, bio fertilizers and profitable recycling of
organic wastes;
Prinsip-prinsip Dasar Agronomi
(2)
Pemilihan benih bermutu dan menjaga kerapatan tanaman per area
dengan bibit yang sehat dan seragam.
Pengelolaan air: konservasi dan pemakaian kelembapan tanah, skedul
irigasi sesuai tahap pertumbuhan tanaman.
Pengendalian hama dan penyakit yang tepat waktu dan sasaran:
protection measures against weeds, insect-pests, pathogens, as well as
climatic hazards and correction of deficiencies and disorders;
Teknologi pasca panen: to reduce field loss and to release land for
succeeding crop(s) and efficient utilization of residual moisture, plant
nutrients and other management practices;
Factors Affecting Crop
Production
Internal Factors: yield and other desirable characters that related
to the genetic make up of the plant
High yields under given environmental conditions.
Early maturity (in some cases late maturity).
Resistance to lodging.
Drought, flood and salinity tolerance.
Tolerance to insects and diseases.
Chemical composition of grains (high percentage of oil, increase in
protein quantity or quality, etc.).
Quality of grains (fineness, coarseness, etc.).
Quality of straw (sweetness, juiciness, etc.).
Factors Affecting Crop
Production
External factors (Environmental):
Climatic
Edaphic
Biotic
Physiographic
Socio-economic (Anthropic)
Karakteristik Sistem
Pertanian
Tujuan primer pertanian: produksi pangan, produk lain dan jasa yang
cukup sehingga pertanian tetap bertahan.
Fitur penting pertanian: produktivitas yaitu output per unit of
resource used, seperti ton/ha
Produktivitas: hasil yang bisa dimanfaatkan per luas lahan (the
yield of usable product per unit area)
Bisa juga artificial inputs as radiation, water, nutrients or labor,
which are also typically measured per unit of area.
The productivity level serves as an indirect measure of the
efficiency
Efficiency
Efficiency: the ratios of crop productivity and certain inputs.
For example, efficiency of water use is defined as the ratio of
yield to the volume of nutrient or water used expressed as kg/m3 water
or kg/kg nutrient.
In engineering, efficiency is the ratio between the output and the
input of any entity in a system, for example, the energy supplied to an
engine.
Stability
Yields may vary from year to year by weather and other causes.
Stability refers to the magnitude of these oscillations.
The lack of stability causes fluctuations in production that
threaten the persistence of agricultural systems.
This is particularly true when there are sequences of successive
years of low yields that may have a catastrophic effect on their
economic viability.
Resilience
Resilience is the capacity of the system to recover from a
catastrophic event, for example a drought.
High resilience is a desirable property of agroecosystems.
Keberlanjutan
(Sustainability)
Sustainability indicates the ability to maintain a certain level of
production indefinitely.
This feature stems from the concept of sustainable development, a
development model that proposes economic growth without adversely
affecting the opportunities of future generations.
A farming system is considered sustainable when it is economically
viable and socially acceptable.
However, one must define the time frame, because what is feasible
and acceptable today may not be so in the future.
The degree of sustainability: a system will be more sustainable when
its exploitation does not degrade the quality of water and soil
resources, and when current management practices do not affect the
productivity and viability of the system in the future.
Peningkatan Keberlanjutan
Reducing or eliminating, if possible, the negative environmental
effects of agriculture while maintaining high productivity.
Decades of intensive production in many agricultural systems have
caused negative environmental effects.
Manajemen Sistem Pertanian
Strategi pertanian adalah memanipulasi lingkungan dan tanaman untuk
menghasilkan produk yang berguna.
Beberapa caranya: tillage for weed removal and seedbed preparation,
choice of species and cultivars, sowing date and sowing density,
application of fertilizers and pesticides, etc.
Faktor eksternal seperti iklim dan pasar sulit diprediksi sehingga
diperlukan keluwesan dalam pengelolaan tanaman untuk meminimumkan risiko
gagal panen atau kerugian ekonomi.
Contoh pemakaian pupuk mungkin dikurangi atau ditunda jika curah
hujan rendah atau perkiraan harga produk rendah.
Manajemen Sistem Pertanian
Harus memperhatikan banyak faktor
Tidak hanya produksi tanaman dan ternak sebagai tujuan ekonomi
Tetapi juga dampaknya terhadap tanah, air, kesejahteraan ternak,
kesehatan manusia, lansekap dan keragaman hayati.
Corrections
If you see mistakes or want to suggest changes, please create an issue on the source repository.
Citation
For attribution, please cite this work as
Herlambang (2022, March 17). Wawasan Agribisnis: Subsistem Produksi/Budidaya. Retrieved from https://bangtedy.github.io/wabis/posts/minggu-2/
BibTeX citation
@misc{herlambang2022subsistem,
author = {Herlambang, Tedy},
title = {Wawasan Agribisnis: Subsistem Produksi/Budidaya},
url = {https://bangtedy.github.io/wabis/posts/minggu-2/},
year = {2022}
}